Taking 42 emergency shelters in Xiamen City to discuss the construction of emergency shelters

The specific distribution of 42 emergency shelters was 13 in Siming District, 8 in Huli District, 6 in Jimei District, and 5 in Haishu District, Tongan District and Xiang'an District.
Earthquake emergency shelters are required to be able to provide basic livelihood, medical and other safeguards to affected people whose homes have been damaged by earthquakes for a period of time, and can play a role in promptly setting up disaster victims. Earthquake emergency shelters are generally divided into three levels, including:
Class III basic facility configuration: emergency shelter area, emergency medical emergency station, emergency water supply device, emergency power supply system, emergency simple toilet, emergency garbage storage and transportation facility, emergency passage, and emergency sign.
Type II general facilities are added on the basis of the configuration of Type III facilities: emergency materials reserve room, emergency fire rescue facilities, and emergency command management center.
Type I comprehensive facilities are increased on the basis of Type II and Type III facilities: emergency parking lots, emergency apron, emergency bathing facilities, emergency ventilation facilities, and emergency function introduction facilities.

I. Principles of planning and construction of emergency shelters
(a) People-oriented. Taking the safety of life and property of the people as the yardstick, we must fully consider the living environment and construction conditions of the people, and the actual conditions of nearby places that can be used as places of refuge to build safe and livable cities.
(b) Scientific planning. The planning of emergency shelters is an important part of the city's plan for disaster prevention and reduction. The planning of the emergency shelters should be consistent with the overall city plan and be implemented in parallel with the overall city plan. The planning of emergency shelters should be reasonably planned for the near-term planning and long-term planning. The near-term plans should be adapted to current disaster prevention needs. Long-term planning must adopt urban transformation and development to form a reasonable emergency evacuation shelter system.
(c) The nearest layout. Adhere to the principle of easy access to the nearest place and arrange as many emergency shelters as possible in areas where people, schools, large public buildings and other people gather, so that citizens can be evacuated in a timely manner.
(d) Combine disasters with disasters. Emergency evacuation shelters shall be complexes with multiple functions, and they shall be used as recreational activities for leisure, recreation, and fitness of the residents, and equipped with facilities (equipment) for disaster relief. They shall be used as refuge in case of major disasters such as earthquakes, fires, and floods. The use of risk aversion, taking care of both, does not conflict with each other.
(five) One more use. Emergency evacuation sites should be able to resist multiple disasters, that is, they can be used as evacuation sites in the event of an earthquake, fire, flood, or war. However, when multi-hazards are used, the characteristics of specific hazards and the applicability of evacuation needs should be taken into consideration, and the impact of factors such as the location environment and geological conditions of emergency evacuation sites should be taken into consideration.
Taking Xiamen as an example, most of the emergency shelters in Xiamen are built in places where people gather in parks and schools, such as Xiamen University, Zhongshan Park, and the district government. To achieve the combination of disasters and disasters, the principle of multiple uses.

Second, the construction of emergency shelters
According to domestic and foreign data and experience, the construction of emergency shelters:
(I) Scale of emergency shelters in cities
Combining the characteristics of urban administrative divisions, population distribution, population density, building density, and residents' evacuation requirements, emergency emergency shelters can be divided into three levels:
The first-class emergency shelters are municipal emergency shelters. The general scale is over 150,000 square meters and can accommodate 100,000 people (per capita living area is more than 1.5 square meters). As a major emergency disaster, strategic emergency evacuation sites such as pre-disaster prevention, emergency rescue during disasters, post-disaster reconstruction of homes and restoration of urban life order, etc.
The secondary emergency shelter is a district-level emergency shelter. The general scale is between 1.5 and 50 thousand square meters and can accommodate more than 10,000 people. It is mainly a regional emergency evacuation shelter for major disasters;
The third-level emergency shelters are street (town) emergency shelters. The general scale is more than 2,000 square meters and can accommodate more than 1,000 people. It is mainly used for temporary evacuation of victims in the event of a disaster.
The above three levels of evacuation sites should be constructed with a first-class evacuation site as the center, a second-level evacuation site as the node, and a third-level evacuation site as the tip, with echelon configuration, mesh configuration, and step-by-step implementation to build a complete Urban emergency shelter system. In the process of construction, according to the principle of graded construction, the respective construction tasks shall be undertaken by each level.
(B) Emergency evacuation sites
1. Coverage radius of emergency shelters
First-class emergency evacuation sites: After a disaster warning, motorized transport from half an hour to two hours should arrive;
Secondary emergency shelters: After disaster warning, they should be reachable within half an hour;
Three emergency evacuation sites: After disaster warning, they should be reachable within 5-15 minutes.
3. Location of emergency shelters
Parks, green spaces, squares, stadiums, indoor public places, museums, and underground civil defense fortifications can be selected as emergency refuge sites. Site selection should fully consider the safety of the site, pay attention to the geology of the selected site, avoid seismic fracture zones, floods, landslides, mudslides and other natural disaster-prone areas; choose high ground and flat, easy to drain, suitable for construction The topography of the tent is selected from the range of the collapse distance of high-rise buildings and towering structures; the scope of influence of such facilities as toxic gas storage sites, flammable and explosive materials or nuclear radioactive material storage sites, and high-voltage power transmission and transformation lines is selected. Outside the area. There should also be two or more smooth and convenient evacuation routes in the vicinity of emergency evacuation sites.
(III) Construction methods of emergency shelters
Emergency refuge establishments may adopt the following methods: First, gymnasium-type emergency evacuation sites refer to the functions of emergency stadiums, large-scale gymnasiums, idle large warehouses, and exhibition halls. The second is emergency shelters for civil air defense projects, which refers to the transformation and utilization of urban air defense projects and the improvement of corresponding living facilities. Third, park-type emergency shelters refer to the transformation and utilization of various parks, green areas, schools, squares and other public places in the city, and the construction of corresponding living facilities. The fourth is urban and rural emergency shelters, which refers to the use of urban and rural areas to build emergency shelters. Fifth, woodland emergency shelters refer to the use of forest land that meets evacuation, evacuation and wartime air defense requirements.

III. Maintenance and management of emergency shelters
(1) The principle of who invests in construction and who is responsible for maintenance and management. Owners of emergency shelters should set up various facilities and rescue equipment as required , demarcate various functional areas and set up sign boards, and establish and improve site maintenance management systems.
(2) The government administrative departments of emergency shelters shall formulate emergency plans for the locations of different types of disasters, define the commanding agencies, delineate evacuation locations, prepare emergency facility location maps and function manuals in the venues, and establish databases and electronic maps. To the public. Where conditions permit, inspection and emergency drills can also be organized.
(3) Individual emergency plans prepared by governments and departments at all levels should be linked to the planning and construction of emergency shelters in the city. The funds for the construction of emergency shelters shall be included in the annual fiscal budgets of all levels of government.
(D) to establish a well-trained emergency volunteer team. Through training and drills for volunteer organizations, they are familiar with disaster prevention, evacuation and disaster relief procedures and are familiar with the operation and use of emergency equipment and facilities.
(e) Establish a set of standardized emergency evacuation shelter identification marks. A uniform and standard signboard should be set up near the emergency evacuation site to indicate the location and distance of the emergency evacuation site. A detailed description of the functional zoning should be set up in the site to indicate the distribution of various emergency facilities. At the same time, a bulletin board should be set up inside the site. , Publicize the use of facilities and emergency knowledge within the facility.