Drinking water utilities may have to consider changing disinfectant to improve water quality and meet more stringent disinfection regulations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of a full-scale drinking water distribution system to a change in disinfectant from chlorine to chlorine dioxide, in terms of its impact on microbiological stability and disinfection by-product formation. Chlorine dioxide residuals were consistently present above detection limits throughout the distribution system (>0.20 mg/L). Over a study period of 3.5 months, no degradation of bacterial water quality occurred after implementing the new disinfectant. Chlorine dioxide maintained total bacteria (microscopic counts) and heterotrophic plate count levels below 2 x 105 cells/mL and 1000 CFU/mL, respectively. The change in disinfectant from chlorine to chlorine dioxide led to an 85% reduction in trihalomethanes (i.e., from 30 to 5 mg/L) and a 60% reduction in haloacetic acids (i.e., from 20 to 8 mg/L). Chlorine dioxide represents a valuable tool to produce high quality water and is a strong alternative to chlorine for certain distribution systems. Key words: distribution system, chlorine dioxide, drinking water quality, disinfection by-products. Chlorine Dioxide Mouthwash, Car Deodorizer Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorine Dioxide For Household Antiseptics, Chlorine Dioxide For Civil Application Nanjing Ligong Shuifu Environmental Protection Technology Co.,Ltd. , http://www.watermanclo2.com
The palm planting industry in Costa Rica is mainly concentrated in the central and southern Pacific. In the past few years, in addition to the Caribbean, some areas with poor agro-ecological conditions have also expanded the area planted with palms. Industry insiders warned that since March this year, the price of palm oil has dropped from 607.65 US dollars / ton to August 484.68 US dollars / ton. If palm oil producers are unable to increase production per unit area, they may suffer large losses.
Biodiesel Network October 9th: Costa Rica media "National Daily" reported on October 7 that the sharp drop in international oil prices poses a threat to the palm planting industry in Costa Rica. Palm oil is the main raw material for biodiesel, and as crude oil prices rise, so does the demand for palm oil. On July 19, 2013, the US benchmark crude oil price was US$108.05/barrel, and the demand for biofuels was expected to increase; however, the international crude oil price was only US$48.53/barrel yesterday, which reduced the demand for other fuels. Due to the expected increase in demand for biodiesel, the palm planting area has grown by an average of 9% per year over the past three years. According to data from the Ministry of Animal Husbandry and Animal Husbandry, in 2011, the palm planting area of ​​the country was 60,000 hectares, in 2015 it was 77,750 hectares, and the palm oil production was also increased from 24,1500 tons to 312,944 tons.