First, the resistance resistor is represented by "R" plus a number in the circuit. For example, R1 represents a resistor numbered 1. The main role of the resistor in the circuit is shunt, current limit, voltage division, offset, and so on.
1. Parameter identification: The unit of resistance is ohm (Ω), and the unit of magnification is: kilo ohm (KΩ), megohm (MΩ) and so on. The conversion method is: 1 megaohm = 1000 kilo ohms = 1000000 ohms resistance There are three kinds of parameter labeling methods, namely, the direct label method, the color scale method and the number standard method.
a, the number standard method is mainly used for small-sized circuits such as patches, such as:
472 means 47 × 100 Ω (ie 4.7K); 104 means 100K
b. The color circle labeling method is the most used. The examples are as follows:
Four-color ring resistance five-color ring resistance (precision resistance)
2. The relationship between the color mark position and the magnification of the resistor is shown in the following table:
Color effective digital magnification tolerance (%)
Silver / x0.01 ±10
Gold / x0.1 ±5
Black 0 +0 /
Brown 1 x10 ±1
Red 2 x100 ±2
Orange 3 x1000 /
Yellow 4 x10000 /
Green 5 x100000 ±0.5
Blue 6 x1000000 ±0.2
Purple 7 x10000000 ±0.1
Gray 8 x100000000 /
White 9 x1000000000 /
Second, the capacitor 1, the capacitor is generally expressed in the circuit with "C" plus a number (such as C13 for the number 13 capacitor). The capacitor is an element consisting of two metal films abutting and separated by an insulating material. The characteristics of the capacitor are mainly DC-DC communication.
The size of the capacitor capacity is the size of the energy that can be stored. The blocking effect of the capacitor on the AC signal is called capacitive reactance, which is related to the frequency and capacitance of the AC signal.
Capacitive reactance XC=1/2Ï€f c (f indicates the frequency of the AC signal, C indicates the capacitance capacity)
Common types of capacitors used in telephones are electrolytic capacitors, ceramic capacitors, chip capacitors, monolithic capacitors, tantalum capacitors, and polyester capacitors.
2, the identification method: the identification method of the capacitance and the identification method of the resistance are basically the same, the direct standard method, the color standard method and the digital standard method 3
Kind. The basic unit of the capacitance is pulled (F), and other units are: millifarad (mF), microfarad (uF), nanofarad (nF), and picofarad (pF).
Among them: 1 Farad = 103 millifarads = 106 microfarads = 109 nanofarads = 1012. Capacitance capacity is large. The capacitance value is directly indicated on the capacitor, such as 10 uF/16V.
A capacitor with a small capacity has a capacity value represented by a letter or a numerical representation of the letter on the capacitor: 1m=1000 uF 1P2=1.2PF 1n=1000PF
Digital notation: Generally, three-digit numbers are used to indicate the capacity. The first two digits represent significant digits and the third digit is magnification.
For example: 102 means 10×102PF=1000PF 224 means 22×104PF=0.22 uF
3, capacitance capacity error table symbol FGJKLM
Allowable error ±1% ±2% ±5% ±10% ±15% ±20%
For example, a ceramic capacitor having a capacitance of 104 J indicates a capacity of 0.1 uF and an error of ±5%.
Third, the crystal diode crystal diode is commonly used in the circuit "D" plus a number, such as: D5 represents the number 5 of the diode.
1. Function: The main characteristic of the diode is unidirectional conductivity, that is, the on-resistance is small under the action of the forward voltage;
The on-resistance is extremely large or infinite under the action of a reverse voltage. Because diodes have the above characteristics, they are often used in cordless telephones for circuits such as rectification, isolation, voltage regulation, polarity protection, code control, frequency modulation, and squelch.
The crystal diodes used in the telephone can be divided into rectifier diodes (such as 1N4004), isolation diodes (such as 1N4148), Schottky diodes (such as BAT85), light-emitting diodes, and Zener diodes.
2, the identification method: the identification of the diode is very simple, the N-pole (negative) of the small power diode, the diode surface is mostly marked with a color circle, and some diodes also use the diode-specific symbol to indicate the P pole (positive) or N pole (Negative electrode), the symbol polarity is also used to determine the polarity of the diode by using "P" and "N". The positive and negative poles of the LED can be identified by the length of the pin, the long leg is positive and the short leg is negative.
3. Test Note: When using a digital multimeter to measure the diode, the red pen is connected to the positive pole of the diode, and the black test lead is connected to the negative pole of the diode. The measured resistance value is the forward conduction resistance of the diode, which is analog with the pointer. The multimeter's test leads are just the opposite.
4, the commonly used 1N4000 series diode withstand voltage is compared as follows:
Model 1N4001 1N4002 1N4003 1N4004 1N4005 1N4006 1N4007
Withstand voltage (V) 50 100 200 400 600 800 1000
Current (A) is 1
Fourth, the Zener diode Zener diode is commonly used in the circuit "ZD" plus a number, such as: ZD5 represents the voltage regulator number 5.
1. The voltage regulation principle of the Zener diode: The characteristic of the Zener diode is that after the breakdown, the voltage at both ends remains basically unchanged.
Thus, when the voltage regulator is connected to the circuit, if the voltage of each point in the circuit fluctuates due to fluctuations in the power supply voltage or other reasons, the voltage across the load will remain substantially unchanged.
2. Fault characteristics: The fault of the Zener diode is mainly manifested in the open circuit, short circuit and unstable voltage regulation value. Among the three types of failures,
The former fault shows a rise in the supply voltage; the latter two manifestations are that the supply voltage goes low to zero volts or the output is unstable.
The types and voltage regulation values ​​of commonly used Zener diodes are as follows:
Model 1N4728 1N4729 1N4730 1N4732 1N4733 1N4734 1N4735 1N4744 1N4750 1N4751
1N4761
Regulated value 3.3V 3.6V 3.9V 4.7V 5.1V 5.6V 6.2V 15V 27V 30V 75V
5. Inductor inductance is commonly used in the circuit with “L” plus a number, such as: L6 represents the inductance number 6.
The inductor coil is made by winding the insulated wire around the insulated bobbin by a certain number of turns.
DC can pass through the coil. The DC resistance is the resistance of the wire itself. The voltage drop is very small. When the AC signal passes through the coil, the self-induced electromotive force will be generated at both ends of the coil. The direction of the self-induced electromotive force is opposite to the applied voltage, which hinders the AC. Pass, so the characteristic of the inductor is DC resistance AC, the higher the frequency, the greater the coil impedance. The inductor can form an oscillating circuit with the capacitor in the circuit.
Inductors generally have a straight-label method and a color-code method, and the color-code method is similar to a resistor. Such as: brown, black, gold, gold means 1uH (error 5%)
Inductance.
The basic unit of inductance is: Hen (H) The conversion unit is: 1H=103mH=106uH.
Sixth, varactor diode varactor is a special diode specially designed according to the principle that the junction capacitance of the internal "PN junction" of the ordinary diode changes with the change of the applied reverse voltage.
The varactor diode is mainly used in the high-frequency modulation circuit of the mobile phone or the landline in the cordless telephone, and the low-frequency signal is modulated onto the high-frequency signal and transmitted. In the working state, the varactor diode modulation voltage is generally applied to the negative electrode, so that the internal junction capacitance of the varactor changes with the modulation voltage.
The varactor diode fails, mainly due to leakage or poor performance:
(1) When a leakage phenomenon occurs, the high-frequency modulation circuit will not operate or the modulation performance will deteriorate.
(2) When the varactor performance deteriorates, the operation of the high-frequency modulation circuit is unstable, and the modulated high-frequency signal is transmitted to the other party and received by the other party to generate distortion.
When one of the above conditions occurs, the same type of varactor should be replaced.
Seventh, the transistor triode transistor is commonly used in the circuit with "Q" plus a number, such as: Q17 represents the number 17 transistor.
1. Features: A crystal triode (referred to as a triode) is a special device that contains two PN junctions and has amplification capability.
It is divided into two types: NPN type and PNP type. These two types of triodes can complement each other in terms of working characteristics. The so-called tube in the OTL circuit is paired by PNP type and NPN type.
PNP type triodes commonly used in telephones are: A92, 9015 and other models; NPN type triodes are: A42, 9014, 9018, 9013, 9012 and other models.
2. The crystal triode is mainly used for amplifying in the amplifying circuit, and there are three connections in the common circuit. For the sake of comparison, the characteristics of the three connection circuits of the transistor are listed in the following table for your reference.
Name Common emitter circuit common collector circuit (emitter output) Common base circuit input impedance (several hundred ohms to several thousand ohms) Large (tens of thousands of ohms or more) Small (several ohms to tens of ohms)
Output impedance (several thousand ohms to tens of thousands of ohms) small (several ohms to tens of ohms) large (tens of thousands of ohms to several hundred thousand ohms)
Voltage amplification factor (less than 1 and close to 1) Large current amplification factor is large (tens of) Large (tens of) Small (less than 1 and close to 1)
Large power amplification (about 30 to 40 decibels) Small (about 10 decibels) Medium (about 15 to 20 decibels)
High frequency difference of frequency characteristics. Continued application of multistage amplifier intermediate stage, low frequency amplification input stage, output stage or high frequency or wide band circuit for impedance matching and constant current source circuit. 8. Field effect transistor amplifier 1. Field effect transistor has The advantages of higher input impedance and low noise are also widely used in various electronic devices. In particular, the field effect tube is used as the input stage of the entire electronic device, and the performance that is difficult to achieve by a general transistor can be obtained.
2. The FET is divided into two types: junction type and insulated gate type, and the control principle is the same. Figure 1-1-1 shows the representation of two models:
3. Comparison of FET and transistor (1) The FET is a voltage control component, and the transistor is a current control component. In the case where only a small current is allowed from the signal source, the FET should be used; and when the signal voltage is low and the current is taken from the signal source, the transistor should be selected.
(2) FETs use majority carriers to conduct electricity, so they are called unipolar devices, and transistors have both majority carriers and minority carriers. It is called a bipolar device.
(3) The source and drain of some FETs can be used interchangeably. The gate voltage can also be positive or negative, and the flexibility is better than that of the transistor.
(4) The FET can work under very low current and very low voltage conditions, and its manufacturing process can easily integrate many FETs on one silicon chip, so the FET is in large scale integrated circuit. It has been widely used.
First of all, we must know the parameters of the triode. For example, to calculate the triode operation in the switching state, we must first know the saturation current of the triode operating at the base of the switching state. Assuming that the saturation current of a tube is 100ma, the resistance of the base is Rb=U-0.7/ 0.1
Where: U is the operating voltage, 0.7 is the diode drop, 0.1 even if the saturation current of a tube is 100ma. The amplification is also calculated this way.


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