Ritsumeikan University of Japan has developed prototypes of the “radio urinary incontinence sensor system†that are used in nursing facilities such as care of incontinent patients, used without batteries, and notified diaper replacement time through a wireless network, and has conducted a public demonstration for news media. The power required by the system for wireless communication is to use urine to generate electricity, and then use a computer or the like to estimate the amount of urine stored in the diaper according to the signal reception interval, and to notify the best time to change the diaper. Communication does not require the use of batteries, and diapers with built-in electrodes are disposable. Electronic circuits such as wireless communication such as "sensors" are assumed to be used repeatedly. Made from baby diapers The system is developed by Ritsukankan University's Department of Science and Engineering, Electronic Information Engineering, who specializes in the research of micro-environmental power generation, such as Prof. The diapers used in the demonstration were transformed from commercially available baby diapers. A layer of activated carbon with a length of 320 mm and a width of 5 mm and an aluminum electrode with a width of 1.8 mm were sandwiched between the absorbent of the diaper and the waterproof layer. The characteristic of this power generation system is that the power generation current will increase with the increase of injected urine, and the power generation current will increase sharply when injected. "With urine infiltrating into the fine pores of activated carbon, there is a gap in the generated current, which enables high sensitivity" (Prof. Dao Guan). With urinary electricity stored in the capacitors in the "sensor", a certain amount of wireless communication signals will be issued. As the amount of injected urine increases, the signal reception interval is shortened, and particularly at the time of injection, the signal reception interval is shortened, and thus the number of incontinence and incontinence can be inferred. Artificial urine is used in the demonstration. If 120 mL is added from the "not yet tight level" (120 mL), the system will display a replacement signal when it reaches the "level to overflow." The cost of the "sensor" portion that can be removed and reused is several hundred yen. It is estimated that it can be reduced to nearly 100 yen when it is mass-produced. The target price of disposable diapers with built-in electrodes is about 10% higher than the original. The aluminum electrode has a small amount of aluminum, so it can be discarded like an ordinary diaper. In addition, it can be made ultra-thin and lightweight. The electrodes are also very soft and do not touch the skin. The biggest topic in the future is to "find diaper manufacturers who jointly conduct validation experiments." Today's prototypes are students who dismantle commercial products by hand and then use built-in electrodes to assemble them. Even if they are skilled, it takes about 10 minutes to do one. Can not be produced in large quantities, it can not be verified experiments. "Although a large manufacturer consulted, they are not interested in it" (Daoguan). Other topics include "the part connected to the sensor" and "support the stool." The prototype was connected to the sensor part and the electrode with a spring clip. Many wearable devices are now connected to the transmitter with metal buttons, but metal buttons are not suitable for disposable diapers because of cost, waste, and wearing comfort. For stool, it should be replaced immediately after detection, but at present it can be detected but it cannot be distinguished from a small amount of urine. "We are considering a method of distinguishing with other methods such as a temperature sensor" (passes off). In addition, urine can be simulated with saline, but stool does not have the analog material that can be regarded as the same object electrically. In addition, the results of this research have been published at the IEEE SENSORS 2016 Conference (October 30 to November 2). (Reporter: Yuno Mako)
Ammonium Phosphate, also known as triammonium Phosphate, inorganic compound, molecular formula (NH4) 3PO4, is an ammonium salt of phosphoric acid, containing anhydrous substances and hydrates. Ammonium phosphate is a colorless crystal or gray white powder, sometimes particles, soluble in water. Ammonium phosphate contains nitrogen and phosphorus. It is a compound fertilizer.
When ammonium phosphate is used as fertilizer in agriculture, special attention should be paid to its thermal decomposition and alkali decomposition. In calcareous soils with pH greater than 7.5, decomposition and volatilization of ammonia are easy to occur, and water-soluble phosphorus is transformed into citric acid-soluble phosphorus. The main chemical reactions were: Ammonium Phosphate Ammonium Hydrogen Phosphate,Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic,Ammonium Phosphate,Ammonium Hydrogen Phosphate Dibasic Jiangsu Kolod Food Ingredients Co., Ltd. , https://www.kolodchem.com
CaCO3+ (NH4) 2HPO4 - 2NH3+CaHPO4+CO2+H2O
Ammonium phosphate is a kind of high concentration and quick-acting compound fertilizer. Its content of N+P2O5 is about 64%, which is soluble in water and has a high salt index. The salt indices of monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate are 30 and 34, respectively. Therefore, special attention should be paid to not contacting seeds directly when planting fertilizer, and the fertilization point should not be too close to the young roots and buds when making base fertilizer, so as to avoid the burning of ammonia released from the molecule. Ammonium phosphate can be used as base fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer, but because its molecule contains more phosphorus nutrients than nitrogen, its N:P2O5 ratio of monoammonium phosphate is about 1:5 and diammonium phosphate is about 1:2.5. In order to make the phosphorus contained in it play a full role in the early stage of crop growth, it is generally suitable to be used as base fertilizer, for those soils with higher available phosphorus or for rice. For crops with relatively less phosphorus, even as base fertilizer, a certain amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied to adjust the proportion of N:P2O5 to an appropriate level. Ammonium phosphate can be mixed with most fertilizers, but it should be avoided to mix with alkaline fertilizers, because it can promote the decomposition of ammonium phosphate and release ammonia.
In addition, using ammonium phosphate as raw material, a variety of compound fertilizers can also be prepared. The main varieties are: (1) ammonium thiophosphate. If the grade of ammonium thiophosphate produced by 32% monoammonium phosphate and 59% Ammonium Sulfate is 16-20-0, the product has good physical properties, the critical moisture absorption point is 75.8%, higher than that of monoammonium phosphate; 2. ammonium nitrate. The grade of representative varieties is 25-25-0, 28-14-0 and so on, which are products neutralized by mixed acid of phosphoric acid and nitric acid and ammonia; and (3) ammonium uric phosphate. This is a kind of high concentration solid compound fertilizer, which has N-P and N-P-K types, such as 28-28-0 and 22-22-11 varieties. It is generally made of ammonium phosphate slurry or granulated powder products and spraying granulated urea. The product has good physical properties and is suitable for a variety of soils and crops.