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Sclerotium sclerotiorum is one of the most common and damaging diseases affecting zucchini, significantly reducing both yield and quality. Timely pesticide application is crucial for effective control. Here’s a detailed guide on prevention and management, compiled by China Pesticide Network for your reference.
The disease spreads through sclerotia that remain in the soil or are mixed with seeds. These sclerotia can be carried into fields via infected seeds or germinate in the soil, producing apothecia that release ascospores. These spores spread via air, infecting old petals, leaves, or young fruits, leading to white mycelium growth and subsequent damage to the stigma or developing fruit. The disease can also spread through contact between male flowers and hyphae on leaves or stems, causing repeated infections. As conditions worsen, sclerotia fall back into the soil or mix with harvested seeds for overwintering.
The disease thrives in humid environments with relative humidity above 85% and temperatures between 15°C and 20°C. In southern regions, it commonly occurs from February to April and November to December, while in northern areas, it appears from March to May. High moisture, low temperature, and heavy rain during early or late autumn favor its development, leading to rapid sclerotia formation and increased disease prevalence. Continuous planting of cucurbits, solanaceous crops, or cruciferous vegetables, as well as poor drainage in low-lying areas, excessive nitrogen fertilization, and frost damage, all contribute to severe outbreaks.
To manage this disease effectively, an integrated approach combining ecological, cultural, and chemical methods is recommended.
**Agricultural Control:** Rotate crops with non-host plants and consider flooding the field for two weeks during summer to suppress sclerotia. Deep plowing after harvest to a depth of 20 cm can bury sclerotia, preventing them from emerging. Applying balanced fertilization enhances plant resistance.
**Physical Control:** Soak seeds in a 10% saline solution combined with a new high-fat film before planting, which helps remove sclerotia. Using plastic mulch in greenhouses can reduce ascospore formation. Covering the soil with sorghum straw can also inhibit spore release from apothecia.
**Ecological Control:** Maintain proper ventilation in greenhouses—heat them in the morning and ventilate in the afternoon. After infection, increase night temperatures to reduce condensation. Keep daytime temperatures around 29°C and humidity below 65%. Avoid overwatering and extend irrigation intervals if the soil is too moist.
**Seed and Soil Disinfection:** Before planting, mix 1 kg of 40% pentachloronitrobenzene with 20 kg of fine soil to create a medicinal bed. Soak seeds in 50°C warm water with a new high-fat film for 10 minutes to kill sclerotia. During seedling stages, manage spacing properly, avoid overwatering, and apply appropriate nutrients. Spray Zhuanggu Tieling during flowering, fruit setting, and fruit expansion to improve fruit quality and appearance, ensuring higher yield and better market value.
**Chemical Control:** When apothecia appear in greenhouses or open fields, use smoke agents such as 10% quick-acting smoke or 45% chlorothalonil at 250 grams per acre. Smoke for one night and repeat every 8–10 days for 3–4 times. Alternatively, spray 5% chlorothalonil dust (1 kg/acre) or 50% speed Keling WP diluted 1500 times. Other options include 50% chlorhexidine or 50% chloramphenicol WP at 1000 times dilution, 60% anti-mildew Ultrafine powder at 600 times, 20% methyl chlorophosphorus EC at 1000 times, or a mixture of 50% chlorhexidine WP (1500 times) and 70% thiophanate-methyl WP (1000 times). Apply 60 liters of solution per acre during the flowering period, repeating every 8–9 days for 3–4 applications. In severe cases, increase the concentration of the fungicide to 50 times and apply directly to the vine to control spread and treat the infection.