Emergency measures for enterprises and institutions to deal with storm floods

(I) Characteristics of China's storm floods

1. The Characteristics of Geographical Distribution of Storm Flood in China

Most of China's regions are located in the mid-latitude region. The large-scale heavy rain is mainly formed by two types of weather systems: one is the low-value system of the westerly belt, including cyclones, shear lines, vortexes, troughs, and fronts, affecting most of the country. area. Such storms generally cover a wide range, have a long duration, and have a large total amount of precipitation. As a result, combined storms and floods often form in large watersheds, which can cause widespread flooding. The other is low-latitude tropical weather systems, including tropical cyclones, Dongfeng waves, etc., which are more common in the southern provinces of China and the southeastern coastal areas. Although such rainstorms last for a short time, they are often strong and can cause serious flooding. In particular, the above systems have weakened into low pressure or peripheral clouds, often reaching deep into the central or northern regions of China, causing heavy rainfall over a large area, causing serious flooding. It can be seen from the annual average distribution map of China's annual rainstorm day that its characteristics are also more in the southeast, less in the northwest, more in the coast, and less inland; more windward slopes and less leeward slopes. The coastal areas of Guangdong, northeastern Guangxi, northeastern provinces of Hunan and Jiangxi, and the west of the Sichuan Basin are areas of heavy rain in our country and are prone to floods.

2. Seasonal characteristics of flood distribution

The seasons of floods and floods are closely related to the early and late rain seasons (that is, the seasons of the monsoon rain belt), the concentration period of precipitation, and the activity of tropical cyclones.

(1) South China: The rainfall in March increased significantly, and it is still affected by tropical cyclones in November. The precipitation concentration period is from April to September, and floods mainly occur from May to June and August to September. In other words, the most popular is summer, followed by spring, third in autumn, and occasionally winter.
(2) In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, there was a significant increase in rains before and after April, and the number of floods increased significantly in May, but it was mainly in the south of the Yangtze River. From mid-June to early July, it is the Meiyu period, with heavy rainfall, which is the concentration period of floods. From mid-July to August when there is little rain and drought, there is less chance of flooding, but coastal areas are still affected by tropical cyclones and can suffer floods. In most areas, floods are concentrated from May to July, and the number of floods accounts for about 80% of the year. From the seasons point of view, most of the summer moths lived in the spring, followed by the spring moths (mainly dominated by the waterloggings), and the third in the fall. There were small-scale winter eels in individual years.
(3) Huang-Huai-Hai area: Spring rain in this area is scarce, and generally there is no harm; in June, floods may occur in the North China Plain, but the scope is not large, and they mostly appear along the Huai River and Huaibei area. From July to August, precipitation was concentrated, and the scope of floods increased and the number of floods increased. This was the period with the most floods in the year. In the past two months, the number of beggars in the Huaihe River Basin, northern Henan Province, southern Hebei Province, and central Shaanxi Province accounted for about 70% of the year; Shandong, Hebei, and Beijing-Tianjin regions accounted for more than 80%. From the seasons point of view, most of the summer moths occur, and spring and autumn waterlogging can occur in individual years.
(4) Northeast China: The area is affected the most by the summer monsoon and the rainy season is short. The floods are almost concentrated in the summer, especially in July and August. Sanjiangping is low-lying because if there is more rain and snow in autumn and winter last year, the spring will pick up quickly, the snow will melt, and the soil will return to slurry, and it may also cause waterlogging. If there is more rain and snow, it will increase the weight.
(5) Southwest: The terrain is complex in this area. Rainy seasons start sooner or later, and the rainfall concentration period is not the same. So, sooner or later, the flood season is not exactly the same as the concentration period. Most of the floods in Guizhou occurred in April-August, and occasionally there were autumn plagues. In addition to the eastern part of Sichuan and Chongqing, there were no spring floods. The floods mainly concentrated in June-August, and there were autumn patches in September and October. The floods in Yunnan were mainly It is concentrated in the summer, but localized flash floods occur from spring to autumn. Floods and floods are rare in Tibet. Local floods generally occur only in summer.
(6) Northwestern China: In most areas, there is scarce rain and snow all year round. Except for the eastern region, there is very little flooding over a wide range of decades. Short-term floods (mostly torrential floods) can also occur during heavy rains or heavy rains in summer, but they occur less frequently and are also more diffuse.
(7) In addition, in the upper reaches of the mainstream of the Yellow River, along the Hetao area, and in the lower reaches of the Shandong section, and below the Songhua River, Harbin, it is possible to form ice-flood floods in the winter. After a long winter snow cover in the high latitudes of the northeast and northwest, the temperature rises in the late spring and the melted snow can form snowmelt floods. And in the snow-covered areas (modern glaciers) in Xinjiang and Tibet in the high-temperature summer, ice and snow melting can form glacial (snow) floods.

(B) Emergency measures for storm floods

After the occurrence of destructive floods, it is likely that buildings, structures, collapses, casualties, and equipment will be damaged; fires, explosions, and the release of large quantities of chemical dangerous goods will be secondary disasters. The flood emergency procedures are mainly applicable to the prevention of possible accidents and the emergency after an accident in the history of flooding in the area where the company is located. This procedure is based on the different flood strengths that different companies can bear, and considers the flood emergency measures that the meteorological center should issue to formulate specific program content. This procedure should be closely linked to the measures to be taken by the local emergency rescue department and the Weather Service Center. Accident prevention measures in the procedures should include the identification of flood warning signs (storms, thundershowers, melting of winter ice and snow, etc.) in order to achieve the necessary precautionary measures before the arrival of the flood or before the release of the flood warning by the meteorological center. In emergency response measures, special actions to be taken in the event of a flood emergency should be listed, for example, the division of areas that need to be filled with sandbags, the acquisition and replenishment of sandbags, the movement of important equipment, the records of buildings, and the evacuation routes. Confirm concrete measures such as non-slip of cars, especially tank cars.

1. Disaster warning

Where meteorological observatories issue emergency warnings such as heavy rainstorms, storms, or typhoons, all members of the emergency planning team of the enterprise enter an emergency state. The team members should direct the construction teams to prepare for flood prevention, such as preparing sandbags, strengthening the doors and windows of temporary buildings, and storage measures for various types of machinery and equipment. At the same time, the team leader should report the flood prevention situation to the company leaders and follow the unified dispatching command.

2. Disaster prevention

In the event of a typhoon or blisters, members of the emergency plan leading group should immediately go to the scene to organize rescue work. The construction personnel are required to cut off all power sources and evacuates personnel and materials in a timely manner to a safe area. If any casualties are found, rescue should be organized in time and report to superior leaders in a timely manner.

3. Disaster prevention measures

(1) To adhere to the concept of safety first, managers and team leader must set an example and put the specific work into each worker.
(2) Ensure safety production plans, implement production responsibilities, and ensure the implementation of a number of specific measures to prevent severe weather.
(3) Combine regular and seasonal inspections to prevent the occurrence of various types of accidents, analyze hidden causes, and carefully analyze the causes, and propose and implement improvement plans.
(4) Implement the weather forecast system on the wall. A special person is responsible for filling in the forecast content of the local meteorological observatory every day, and warnings should be used in case of a rainstorm.
(5) All machinery and electrical equipment and electrical boxes shall be properly checked for electrical safety and do a good job of protection against a number of equipment.
(6) Overhead cables, over-the-road cables must be inspected carefully to ensure the ability to withstand wind and rainstorms to prevent personal injury and property damage.
(7) Do a good job in the disaster-resistance capacity of dormitories, warehouses, and offices, and make prompt repairs and preventive measures for housing with hidden dangers. Dangerous houses with hidden dangers need to be ready for transfer and resettlement immediately.
(8) Necessary precautionary facilities shall be taken for the well covers of the completed box and culvert joints, and sufficient water pumps shall be prepared for the pits of the box and culverts under construction to prepare for storm water drainage.

4. Ambulance and evacuation

According to the principle of “rescue people more than disaster relief” and corporate disaster prevention drills, the first step is to call emergency telephones and rescue workers surrounded by disasters, and at the same time to evacuate personnel and materials in order to secure areas.