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In recent years, perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have emerged as a highly promising photovoltaic technology, with their efficiency skyrocketing from an initial 13.7% to 33.2%. This remarkable progress is largely due to their broader spectrum absorption capabilities and enhanced open-circuit voltage output. As a result, these cells are seen as a revolutionary advancement in improving photoelectric conversion efficiency while significantly cutting down the costs associated with solar power generation. Despite these achievements, the inherent instability of perovskite/silicon tandem cells, particularly concerning perovskite top cells, remains a significant challenge. This instability is often linked to residual stress within the perovskite layer, which lowers the energy barrier for phase transitions, defect formation, and ion migration, accelerating perovskite degradation. Consequently, finding effective ways to alleviate this residual stress has become crucial for developing efficient and reliable stacked devices.
Recently, researchers at the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, have made notable strides in advancing high-efficiency perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Drawing from earlier studies on crystalline silicon and perovskite solar cells, they introduced a novel approach involving surface reconstruction to create a perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell. This innovation achieved a certified efficiency of 29.3% (with a steady-state efficiency of 29.0%), marking one of the highest efficiencies reported so far for TOPCon-based cells. In this study, the team utilized a mixture of dimethylformamide (DMF) and isopropanol (IPA) containing n-butylamine iodide (BAI) for post-treatment on the perovskite surface. This technique not only facilitated comprehensive A-position substitution of BA ions across the perovskite surface but also encouraged deeper penetration of BA ions into the film. Importantly, this process effectively relieved residual stress both on the surface and internally without compromising film quality. The resulting films exhibited fewer defect states, reduced ion migration, and improved energy level alignment. Both the single-junction and tandem cells demonstrated impressive efficiencies of 21.8% and 29.3%, respectively, and showcased excellent thermal, humidity, light, and operational stability. This work has significantly advanced the field of strain engineering in perovskite-based solar cells and offers valuable insights for future applications.
The findings were published in *Advanced Materials* under the title "Surface Reconstruction for Efficient and Stable Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells with Greatly Suppressed Residual Strain." The research received support from initiatives like the National Natural Science Foundation and the Zhejiang Province Key R&D Program.
This breakthrough represents a critical step forward in harnessing the potential of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, addressing long-standing issues related to device stability and paving the way for more widespread adoption in renewable energy solutions.