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Self-priming pumps are designed to overcome the limitations of conventional centrifugal pumps, which require pre-filling with liquid before starting. If the pump is not properly primed, it may fail to draw in liquid, especially when the suction level is below the impeller. To avoid this issue, a foot valve is typically installed at the end of the suction pipe, but this creates significant hydraulic resistance and reduces efficiency during operation.
A self-priming pump, on the other hand, does not need to be manually primed every time it starts—though the first installation still requires initial filling. Once started, the pump can automatically remove air from the suction line and re-prime itself within a short period, allowing it to operate normally without external assistance.
Self-priming pumps are classified based on their operating principles into three main types: 1) Gas-liquid hybrid (including internal and external mixing), 2) Water ring type, and 3) Jet type (including liquid jet and gas jet).
In a gas-liquid hybrid self-priming pump, the unique design of the pump casing retains a certain amount of water even after the pump stops. When the pump restarts, the rotating impeller draws in both air and water from the suction pipe, creating a mixture that is then discharged into a gas-water separation chamber. The air rises and exits through the top, while the water returns to the impeller, continuing the process until all air is removed from the system. This allows the pump to achieve full suction and begin normal operation.
The water ring type self-priming pump combines a water ring and an impeller within the same housing. The water ring helps to expel air and assist in the priming process. Once the pump is running smoothly, a valve can be used to isolate the water ring, allowing the water inside to be drained if necessary.
The jet type self-priming pump integrates a centrifugal pump with a jet pump or nozzle. It uses the jet device to create a vacuum at the nozzle, which helps to draw in the liquid and prime the system automatically.
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