Growth Analysis of Non-ferroelectric Voltage Glass-Ceramic Polar Crystallite Orientation Zhang Dongjie Du Youya 2 (1. Materials Science, Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Normal University. Subcharges are much larger than electron charges. Since the critical nucleus radius is generally 10 nm, the initial size of the crystallites is generally below 100 nm, so take L = its calculated results as shown in Table 1 Table 1 Dipole generated by the electric field of the orientation growth of crystallites can be seen from Table 1, in Under the condition that the surface polar crystallites are oriented and grown, the crystallites to be crystallized are subjected to a dipole electric field and are oriented to grow at the crystal-glass interface, that is, within 10 to 50 nm, the electric field of the crystallite dipoles is sufficient to make The crystallite orientation grows, which is much larger than the applied electric field of the ferroelectric ceramic (the applied polarization electric field of the ferroelectric ceramic such as BaTi3PZT is generally in the range of 2~ for any point of the nucleated crystallite at the crystal-glass interface above the y-axis and Below, there are m and n microcrystalline dipoles respectively. The electric field intensity generated by the dipole at point P is such that the crystallite spacing is d and the length is L, then the P-point electric field is the polar microcrystal oriented growth Glass-ceramics, to a certain extent, support this point of view. Considering the second case, the surface of the glass is in an irregular state such as a glass powder, or an integral crystallization controlled by a nucleating agent. For the glass powder, although the polar crystallites are The initial growth still grows along the c axis. Since the shape of the glass surface does not have a certain rule, the electric field orientation effect of the entire dipole as a whole is small, so the crystallites do not have a certain growth direction, and in the macroscopical glass ceramics exhibit no orientation growth characteristics. In the glass, since the nucleating agent reduces the nucleation energy, the glass surface nucleates simultaneously with the nucleating agent-centered interior. The polar microcrystalline dipole electric field does not have a certain orientation direction as a whole, so like the glass powder, Such glass ceramics do not have an orientation growth characteristic macroscopically. In short, for surface-devitrified bulk glasses, the nucleation energy of the surface is lower and nucleation is preferred. The growth direction of the microcrystals grows along the direction of the lattice energy, ie, the c-axis, and the glass next to the microcrystals becomes new. Glass-to-crystal interface, so compared to the first nucleated and oriented growth in the glass. For the sample pressed by the glass powder, the nucleation at the same time nucleated from the irregular surface of the glass micropowder, so that the orientation growth of the microcrystal could not be controlled. Nucleating agent controlled crystallization, nucleating agent as the center of the glass - crystal interface to nucleate the glass, because the nucleating agent is distributed in the glass, so the growth of crystallites is uncontrollable. The above conditions indicate that the crystallite must be Under the condition of surface nucleation, it can smash. In order to calculate (convenient to pass through), in fact the source oil is taken for the whole m or in the nucleated cattle bookmark5, the orientation growth is more difficult. In summary, the orientation of the polar microcrystals in the glass ceramics The growth must satisfy the following conditions: the microcrystals must be polar microcrystals and the crystallites of the polar microcrystals have large differences in crystallite size. The larger the crystallite ratio c/a, the greater the difference in crystal lattice energy and the possibility of orientation growth. The larger the nucleation and crystallization of the bulk glass surface must be smooth to satisfy the growth of the crystallites along the normal direction of the surface, ie, the c-axis; and for the samples pressed with the glass powder, the polar crystallites cannot be oriented to grow the glass. Devitrification is the devitrification controlled by the surface or the crystal-glass interface rather than the bulk crystallization. Therefore, it is possible to orientate the growth of the crystallites of the 4th-order polar glass-ceramics to be oriented growth. The orientation growth of polar glass-ceramics must be controlled by the surface or the crystal-glass interface, and there is a large difference in lattice energy in different growth directions. The orientation growth of polar glass-ceramics is mainly determined by the lattice energy and the dipole electric field.
Intermediates are also known as organic intermediates. The use of coal tar or petroleum products as raw materials to produce dyes, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, resins, Additives, plasticizers and other intermediates. Because it was originally used to make dyes, also known as dye intermediates.now it is referred to the various intermediates obtained during organic synthesis.
Organic Intermediate,Dyestuff Intermediates,Fragrance Intermediates,Grade Peptides Organic Intermediate SHANDONG ZHISHANG CHEMICAL CO.LTD , http://www.zhishangpharma.com